![]() CURRENT APPLICATIONS OF SOCIAL ROBOTSįor someone unfamiliar with robots, the first thing to understand is that almost all the robots we see in science fiction are very much a fantasy. Greater involvement by psychologists will help to shape the future development of robots in socially acceptable ways. Because psychologists have expert knowledge in understanding human behavior, building theoretical models, conducting social science research, and constructing valid and reliable measures, they have much to contribute. However, psychologists have made some important contributions to both theory and methods. Computer scientists and engineers have conducted most of the research in this area over the past 20 years, investigating the construction of robots and testing them with humans. The further we go down the path toward making and interacting with artificial humans, the more truths we learn about ourselves. This article also highlights research on robots that has contributed to our understanding of human behavior. It reviews current applications of robots and research on how humans relate to robots, explores concerns about robots, and looks ahead to the future of the field. This article delves into the psychology behind our relationships with social robots. It is in this area that young roboticists, inspired by the robots portrayed in science fiction, are trying to make robots just like us. It is in this application that robots are being made to mimic humans most closely-in looks, mind, emotional expression, and behavior. Over the past 20 years, we have seen an increase in the development of social robots, which are made to interact closely with humans as artificial companions and helpers in our homes, hospitals, schools, shopping malls, and beyond. These kinds of robots are largely seen as tools for humans to use. Military robots have also been extensively developed for tasks such as surveillance, bomb disposal, and automated weaponry. Since then, industrial robots have burgeoned they often operate inside safety cages away from humans. The first robot was a digitally operated programmable arm used in the car industry in the 1950s. An autonomous robot is a machine that can operate and perform tasks by itself without continuous human guidance. It was not until the middle of the twentieth century that Alan Turing and his contemporaries laid the foundations for modern digital computing and autonomous robots ( Turing 1950). Another well-known example is the Turk, which was built in the late eighteenth century to appear as an automaton that could play chess but was secretly operated by a real human hiding inside its base ( Thicknesse 1784). Leonardo da Vinci designed a mechanical knight in 1495 that was operated by pulleys and could sit, stand, move its arms, and raise its visor ( Rosheim 2006). Humans have a long history of trying to make artificial versions of ourselves. But how close is fiction to reality? How human are robots? Can they really think and feel? Can we love them? Do they really want to take over the world? ![]() 2010), where robots have minds, are conscious, can love us, can kill us, and can be all but indistinguishable from us. Few of us have seen robots in real life, and our ideas about them are often informed by what we see in movies ( Broadbent et al. They experience emotions, express opinions, and have motives, and we relate to them easily. Robots in science fiction movies are often humanlike. Human–robot interaction is a fascinating field and one in which psychologists have much to contribute, both to the development of robots and to the study of human behavior. However, in considering the increased use of robots, many people have concerns about deception, privacy, job loss, safety, and the loss of human relationships. This need is driving engineers to study human behavior toward other humans and toward robots, leading to greater understanding of how humans think, feel, and behave in these contexts, including our tendencies for mindless social behaviors, anthropomorphism, uncanny feelings toward robots, and the formation of emotional attachments. Engineers are trying to build robots that look and behave like humans and thus need comprehensive knowledge not only of technology but also of human cognition, emotion, and behavior. Robots provide benefits such as relieving loneliness and enabling communication. Although these robots are not yet reality, robots are currently being used in healthcare, education, and business. In movies, robots are often extremely humanlike.
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